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• 鹿川有许多粪，底层有许多愤

  作者：麻木不可雕也 发布时间：2021-12-29 17:11:29

  这是一个刚建好的楼盘，附近是尚在建设中的其它工程，空荡荡的钢筋混凝土结构与灰蒙蒙的天空相映成趣。由于通了地铁，附近的人流量并不小，这些看似死亡实则新生的空楼便成了天然厕所，新鲜的，干燥的粪便散落在工地的各个角落。荒地并不等同于荒凉，可当荒地上竖起孤零零的建筑，荒凉感便由此产生。

  以上是我对李沧东《鹿川有许多粪》这个中篇小说的环境想象。许多城郊新建的楼盘都给我一种“鹿川”的荒凉感，所以我在读《鹿川》时总会有一种很强的画面感。以现在的眼光看来，俊植的人生不可谓不励志，从一个杂工慢慢读夜校成为了一名老师，勉强在这个鹿川的楼盘买下了最差的一个户型，娶了一个漂亮的妻子。而且以他和校长的关系，似乎只要按部就班，再过些时日也能成为体面的中产阶级。而忽然出现的弟弟玟宇却让他本可为傲的生活显得荒诞可笑。参加学生运动的玟宇似乎可以为了理想而不食人间烟火，甚至献出更多。而一步一个脚印走来，小心翼翼谋生的俊植却显得世俗油腻，每天都在为了生活苟且奔波。如果说兄弟两的里子还可以有所掩饰，那俊秀的玟宇与丑陋的俊植单从外表就已赤裸裸的分出了胜负。

  许多年之后，面对鹿川的粪便，俊植将会回想起，母亲在摊位排泄的那个遥远的下午。从小经历和目睹的“不体面”都使得俊植非常务实，他的一切行为不外乎都是为了生活和生活得更好。在一个有遮挡的空间里排泄是世间公认的作为人最基本的体面，而在俊植妈妈卖货的市场，厕所只有一个，总是排着长队，俊植的妈妈因为实在忍不住放弃了这份体面，扛着鱼缸的俊植后面也放弃了这份体面。没有体面的人，和动物还有所区别吗？虽然“懂事”的俊植从小就能够体谅母亲为了谋生的不易，可他的内心想必也是对母亲有所鄙夷的，可惜长大后的他似乎依旧无法挣脱不体面的宿命。

  网上常说“没有人从小的愿望就是买一套房。”这句话往往运用在理想被磨灭的语境之中，突出现实的残酷和无奈。可真要细究起来，对于那些从小生活在狭小闭塞空间里的人来说，其中不少人从小的愿望恐怕就是买一套房。买车买房成为了一个体面人的基础，似乎没有“基础”就永远无法迈向下一层的追求。那些绕过基础形而上的人，往往会被视作不靠谱。但是在《鹿川》中，有关玟宇参加学生运动的部分并没有多着笔墨，玟宇纯粹成为了理想主义的化身，连哥哥的妻子也对玟宇表示了支持甚至于隐隐的崇拜。与书中第一篇《真正的男子汉》中那个底层的张丙万不同，有名牌大学背景加持的玟宇全是一个正面的悲剧形象，他的所作所为充满了不可置疑的正当性。难怪俊植会说出：

  “你凭什么那么理直气壮？你怎么到了这个年纪还在为正义和道德而战？你为什么不像我这样为了养家糊口，为了职场奋斗而四处看人脸色？你有什么资格高高在上，超越一切？”

  显而易见的，似乎俊植就代表了现实，玟宇则代表了理想。但这样说未免太简单粗暴，更准确一些说，俊植代表的是底层的现实，而玟宇所追求的理想则已经脱离了个人追求，达到了国家的层面。如果俊植是一个事业有成的富豪，当他再次面对被通缉的玟宇时，是否还会不可抑制的自卑乃至于愤怒？现实与理想的纠缠，对上层和底层的人来说或许完全就是两个维度的东西。而人们最喜欢看的戏码，就是底层通过牺牲去绽放理想之光。然而理想就像是虚有其名的“鹿川”一样，诗意的名字背后其实并没有什么值得称赞的实物。

  建立在垃圾堆之上的商业住宅终会建完，鹿川的粪终会越来越少，直到全部流进下水道。像俊植夫妇一样的贫贱夫妻在这个城市的各个角落依旧会吵吵闹闹，依旧会不可抑制地妄图挣脱庸碌的生活，也依旧会被生活中的小美好稍微治愈，如此循环到他们再也无法忍受的那一天。

  “所谓生活，华丽、宏伟、高尚永远遥不可及，卑鄙、肮脏、疲倦却总是持续不断。"

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• 尤其適合初學

  作者：weakish 发布时间：2007-08-14 23:05:42

  經過了校訂，修正了不少錯誤。

  尤其方便初學者的是每個字都給出拼音，方便反切不熟的人。

  還有索引，筆畫索引，按筆順好找，常用字還有拼音索引。

  非官方勘誤：

  http://erratapages.wikispaces.com/7806431896

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• 袁晓峰老师倾情推荐：笑过之后细细感悟人生 ——读《米歇尔 一只倒霉的羊》

  作者：鸿雁 发布时间：2015-06-27 18:24:06

  发现《米歇尔 一只倒霉的羊》是一个惊喜。一本小开本的绘本，色彩不那么丰富，但却柔和而沉稳，似乎这样不炫目的色彩和不张扬的开本才能让读者心静，才能让我们在喧嚣之外去会心地一笑和仔细地咀嚼其中的滋味，才能让我们在意料之外去感悟幽默、达观和浪漫。

  这是一个有趣的故事──一个自认为倒霉的羊的幸运经历。

  绵羊米歇尔最爱两样东西：树莓和长得像绵羊一样的云朵。

  米歇尔觉得自己很倒霉──因为电网的阻隔，他吃不到近在咫尺的悬崖上的树莓；因为沉浸在白日梦中，当乌云来时便跑晚了，巨大的树伞下已经被其他羊挤满，米歇尔只能万分不情愿地转身走进大雨中；下雪的时候他想去冻住的池塘上滑冰，可是又慢了一步，小小的冰面上站满了绵羊，已无米歇尔的下脚之处；下雨、下雪或者刮风的时候，米歇尔有一个超级隐蔽的藏身之地，可是被牧羊犬哈尔夫发现了……后来，米歇尔觉得自己倒霉透了，掉队了，遇见了狼，滑进了牛粪堆，下雨了却无处藏身……

  看到这里，你是不是也觉得他倒霉透了？

  绘本是图文的协奏，当我们边阅读文字边看图后，难以抑制的惊喜便让我们总是在“米歇尔觉得自己倒霉透了”后接上一句：“这家伙真是幸运极了！”因为你看到了长着树莓的悬崖裂开掉落深渊，因为你看到了众羊躲雨的大树被雷电击中，因为你看到了冰块碎开让滑冰的羊坠入冰水，因为你看到了那辆运走羊群的卡车上印有屠宰场的标记，因为你看到的是米歇尔自认为的倒霉，而结果却是那么的幸运。就是这一次次所谓的倒霉却让他一次次躲过灾难。

  这本书的封面是淡淡的绿色，那是绿色的草地吧？米歇尔就在那里，是在抱怨呢，还是在庆幸呢？或许都不是，他是在思考，尽管他一直以为自己很倒霉，但他的生命仍旧像那片绿草地一样春意盎然呢。到了最后一页我们发现，在那片绿草地上，有了几棵树莓，那是米歇尔最爱的东西，也是米歇尔吃到的最好吃的树莓；在那片天空上有了两朵白云，那也是米歇尔最爱的东西，是长得像绵羊一样的白云，而且那两朵白云拥抱在了一起。

  人生就是那么奇妙，总在舍得之间。失去了一些东西，会获得另一些东西。当米歇尔自认为倒霉透了，走投无路的时候，雨停了，天亮了，那个满身牛粪的他也被大雨冲洗干净了，那个郁闷的生命也被太阳点亮了。在过往的经历中，米歇尔似乎总是差那么一点儿而失去种种“良机”，而现在，他最爱的两样东西就在眼前，而且，还有以前他不知道的更加美好的情感也被点燃，他觉得……母羊布丽奇的树莓是世界上最好吃的树莓。

  人生就是那么奇妙，当我们自认为处处不顺心时，不妨不急不躁地等一等，换个角度看一看，如此，我们便可能发现原来生活是这样美好，原来我们是这么幸运。于是，我们的不顺心变成了顺心；于是，我们的生命也就变得顺风顺水了。

  人生就是那么奇妙，就像这个故事一样，简单而又深刻，需要用心去慢慢感悟，细细品味。当自认为倒霉时别忘了回头看看，看到自己的幸运，看到初心，看到希望，看到柳暗花明。

  这是一本幽默而富有智慧的书，它会让你笑，让你爱，让你想了又想。笑过之后再细细感悟人生──

  一只自认为是世界上最倒霉的羊，他努力想抓住的东西永远都差那么一点儿，但是，就是这一点儿却让他一次次躲过灾难，并获得了超过他期待的幸福。如果我们总是焦虑，害怕会错过生命中的美好，总是紧紧张张地担心孩子会错过那一次次的宝贵机会，总是着急地对孩子横加干涉，得到的往往是不愉快的经历。

  米歇尔真的是世界上最倒霉的羊吗？你已经知道了，对吧？

  （袁晓峰，前深圳市南山区后海小学校长，曾被评为深圳市优秀校长、书香校长，广东省首届“阅读之星”优秀校长。广东省校长培训基地客座教授、课改指导专家、基础教育学科指导专家、小学语文教育专家。人民教育出版社语文教材编写专家。2006年推动读书十大人物，2012年全国十大读书人物，深圳市首届十大优秀全民阅读推广人，新浪亲子阅读专家。）

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• 水平思考是这样进行的

  作者：道法自然 发布时间：2017-08-22 15:19:17

  作者认为，像游泳、打球一样，创造力也是可以通过练习而获得的技能。一边胡思乱想一边期待突发灵感，并不是规范的创造技巧。

  这本书旨在为人们提供创造性思考的方法论，以学会创造性思考。可以看作是创造力或者说创造性思考的训练指导手册（尤其是第2和第3部分，第1部分偏理论）。

  书比较厚，内容分为三个部分：

          创造力的本质及逻辑性。

          创造性思考所需的具体工具、技术和方法。

          创造性思考的应用。

  作者在《水平思考》中提出了”水平思考“的概念，水平思考是一种与垂直思考相对应的思考方式，它能突破传统的垂直思考的限制，从一个分支再回到起点。水平思考即为创造性思考。”运用水平思考，就是寻求新的创意。“

  作者的《六顶思考帽》《水平思考》是其最为知名的著作。这本书将”六顶思考帽“作为水平思考（创造性思考）的一个方法。与《水平思考》一书的不同是更加系统、全面，《水平思考》一书主要是对”水平思考“这一概念的论述，并附加了一些进行思维训练的游戏，其作用在于让人们对这一新的概念有感性的认识。而《严肃的创造力》则拓展更广的范围，更加侧重于水平思考的应用。

  《六顶思考帽》中信有新一版的出版了：

  https://book.douban.com/subject/26910621/

  《水平思考》也有新的一版，

  https://book.douban.com/subject/27026460/

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• BETWEEN DUTY AND SEX

  作者：司马开心 发布时间：2013-06-14 08:19:02

          写给未来的自己&造福全人类。

          In the story of The Turn of the Screw, Henry James uses the perspective of a governess to disclose her haunting experience in a country home. In the beginning of the story, the governess was persuaded by the charming owner of the house to look after his nephew and niece, Miles and Flora. However, her encounters of keeping running into the ghosts of the dead valet Quint and dead predecessor Miss Jessel break the peace of the house. In order to accomplish her duty of being a governess, the governess gained a responsibility of protecting the children and finding of the truth. The kids and also Mrs. Grose, however, do not support and understand her actions and behavior in seeking the truth. In the end, her insistence in her duty even scared Flora, which resulted in her illness and also consequently cause the final death of Miles. The value of the book is more than the story itself but also on the narrator’s language. In the novel, Henry James uses the symbol of “duty” to imply the governess’s overwhelming care for the children which goes over her responsibility of her job. By using the word “duty”, the governess’s action of protection can be explained because of her bond with the innocent children and her crush on the handsome employer. This essay will be emphasized on how the symbol of duty becomes the reason that the governess go beyond her responsibility as a normal employer which cares too much about Flora and Miles. Moreover, the essay will also focus on explaining how the duty implies the governess’s admiration towards her employer.

          The word “duty” comes up as an explanation and reason for the governess every time she intends to instruct and protect the child. The word “duty” is explained by OED as “The action and conduct due to a superior.” In the story, as the landowner employs the governess, the employer and the kids who represent as a higher class, own the superior power and duty to provide food, shelter and safety for the governess. However, the job obligation of the governess is to instruct and accompany the kids. The kids have to listen to her and learn all knowledge from her. From this aspect, she has a superior power over the kids as a governess. This new duty, which is a new power for the governess, enables her to control and protect the kids even as a lower class people to the family. The change for the governess identity, from a lower class society girl to a governess in the upper class society, gives her a strong sense of responsibility to the kids. This idea can be testified by her experience when she met the ghost of Quint for the second time.

  ’‘The flash of this knowledge—for it was knowledge in the midst of dread—produced in me the most extraordinary effect, starting, as I stood there, a sudden vibration of duty and courage. I say courage because I was beyond all doubt already far gone…but I took in the whole scene—I gave him time to reappear.’‘ (20)

  From this sentence we can see that, by contrasting to the feeling of “dread”, her mind has a “vibration” of duty to confront the ghost and protect the children after she got the “knowledge” the ghost is not finding her. Moreover, she is even waiting for the second time for the ghost to reappear. Here, the use of word “duty” becomes a reason that the governess gave herself to seek the truth. Such a word got repetitive also when she tries to report the story to Mrs. Grose. “Mrs. Grose at last turned round, and there was still more in her face. ‘I couldn’t have come out.’ ‘Neither could I!’ I laughed again. ‘But I did come. I’ve my duty.” (23) From these two passages we can see that, even though it’s the upper class’s duty to protect the peace of the house for the governess, the governess generates herself a duty to protect the house, which was not her duty at all. Compared to Mrs. Grose’s indifference to such story, the governess shows her extra and extreme attention to the peculiar things happening around and explains to herself and Mrs. Grose the reason she is doing this is her “duty”. My focus from now on will be on where does such duty comes from and why.

          Firstly I observe the reason for her carrying this duty is her bond to the children stimulates her to become a good guard and protector of the shelter and the children. She protects the kids because of her responsibility towards the two children. As the analysis above shows, the title of governess results in her inferior position to her employer and the kids. However, now she is having a right to “rule over” the higher class kids and get them all under her protection. Such a feeling of being able to generates her bravery to protect the kids. According to the governess, she think: “We were cut off, really, together; we were united in our danger. They had nothing but me, and I- well, I had them.” (27) This sentence points out her intention to protect the kids because they “had nothing but me”. She generates the strong sense of responsibility to guard them from harm. Moreover, in the story, after the governess has the suspicion that the ghost is chasing after Miles, she thinks:

  ‘’I had an absolute certainty that I should see again what I had already seen, but something within me said that by offering myself bravely as the sole subject of such experience, by accepting, by inviting, by surmounting it all, I should serve as an expiatory victim and guard the tranquility of the rest of the household. The children in special I should thus fence about and absolutely save.‘’ (25)

  In this sentence, the word “expiatory” becomes a really interesting point. The word explanation in OED of “expiatory” is “to extinguish the guilt of one’s sin”. Such use of word represents her guilt of unable to solve all the strange things around her for the children. Although she thinks that she is a victim who suffers in this matter, she is also thinking that she owes the kids if she can’t figure the things out. Here she recognizes herself as “brave” indicates her proud of being a guard for the kids and household. She even thinks she has the ability to “fence” and “save” the children, which two words imply her sense of heroism. Moreover, in the whole story the governess has nothing related to the ghosts, however, she implies that it is her guilt which destroy “the tranquility of the rest of the household”. Such sentence also makes me think of the children’s uncle when he said that he wanted nothing to be reported and bothered.

          By getting the hint from the above sentence, I will further go on to discuss the governess’s hope to impress the employer and being accepted by the upper class. By using the symbol of duty, the writer implies the governess’s ambition to be accepted and rewarded by the higher class society. In the beginning of the novel, when the governess first meets her employer and takes the job, only by holding her hand and thanking her, “she already felt rewarded.” (6) This sentence shows the inequality between the positions of the two. In the governess’s mind, being thanked by the charming and wealthy employer a reward. Such sentiment shows the governess’s preoccupation of her lower class standing. When being positively rewarded by the upper class people, she feels like getting closer to their life. Moreover, she feels rewarded is not only because of the recognition from upper class, but also because she is being awarded by the man she likes, the charming and wealthy landowner. In the story, her crush on the good-looking man is also a reason she takes the job. As a result, when she has the haunted experience, instead of being afraid, she generates a sense of excitement because she sees it as a chance to get closer to her charming employer.

  ‘’I scarce know how to put my story into words that shall be a credible picture of my state of mind; but I was in these days literally able to find a joy in the extraordinary flight of heroism the occasion demanded of me. I now saw that I had been asked for a service admirable and difficult; and there would be a greatness in letting it be seen—oh in the right quarter! —that I could succeed where many other girl might have failed. It was an immense help to me—I confess I rather applaud myself as I look back! —that I saw my response so strongly and so simply.‘’ (27)

  The word “flight” shows the rapidness of the rising joy, which is generated by being a hero. Here by describing the joy, the author shows her proud of being a hero. Moreover, she named her “service” as “admirable” and the total action as “greatness”, which “succeed where many other girl might have failed”. Such description indicates her intention to impress the land owner and the two kids, who represents the higher class. The reason for why she would like to compare herself to the other girl indicates her concerns and care towards the charming employer. Because of her affection to the employer, she has the intention to do a thing “great” and “admirable” enough to impress the man. As a result, we can see the reason for the governess to be eager to take responsibility of this duty is because of her admiration to the employer and her attempt to being accepted by the upper class society.

          The governess’s crush on the wealthy employer was secretly implicated by the author at the very beginning of the book but became clear when she was in the mood of angry and says directly of what she really meant. When Flora declared her dislike feeling towards the governess, she explained the reason to Mrs. Grose as:

  “Yes, miss; but to what end?” “

   Why that of dealing with me to her uncle. She will make me out to him the lowest creature—!”

   I winced at the fair show of the scene in Mrs. Grose’s face; she looked for a minute as if she sharply saw them together. “And him who thinks so well of you!” “He has an odd way—it comes over me now,’”I laughed, “of proving it! But that doesn’t matter. What Flora wants of course is to get rid of me.” (72)

  Here she uses “get rid of” to show her suspicion to Flora that she is getting her away from her uncle. Moreover, when her wish to being rewarded by protecting them is intermediated by Flora’s resentment, she reflects her real purpose by explaining to Mrs. Grose what Flora was thinking. According to the passage, her uncle “thinks so well of” her ability and protection to the kids. However, Flora’s resentment is getting her away from her uncle’s high expectation, which may cut her relationship with the higher class society. Moreover, her expectation of being with Flora’s uncle will not come true if she herself is not an excellent governess who can impress her. As a result, the symbol of duty here implies the governess’s eagerness of being acknowledged and admired by her uncle, which becomes a main reason for the governess to generate her duty to protect them.

          In conclusion, the symbolism of duty in the novel here boosts the progress of the story by showing the governess’s eager to protect the children because of her bond and responsibility to the children and also the admiration of her employer and also the joy of recognition by upper class society. Moreover, the duty reflects the differences between upper class society and lower class society.

  Work Cited Page

  James, Henry. The Turn of the Screw:authoriatative Text, Context, Criticism. Second ed. New York: W.W.Norton&, 1999. Print. Edited by Deborah Esch and Jonathan Warren

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